Ganesh

Other namesGanesha, Ganapati, Vinayaka, Pillaiyar, Ekadanta

Sanskrit TransliterationGanesha

AffiliationDeva

AbodeKailash

Introduction

Significance

Appearance and Iconography

Historical Narratives and Roles

Regional Variance

Incarnations

Text or epic-associated

References

Introduction

Lord Ganesh, also known as Ganesha, Ganapati, and Vinayaka, is a highly revered deity in Hinduism. His significance as the god of beginnings, wisdom, intellect and the remover of obstacles is deeply rooted in the Hindu culture. His influence spans India and reaches Hindu communities worldwide, making him a beloved figure irrespective of regional or sectarian differences.

Devotees commonly invoke Ganesh's blessings at the start of new ventures, ceremonies, and rituals, as he represents prosperity and good fortune. Understanding his role in Hinduism provides a deeper insight into the religion's culture and spirituality.

Significance

Lord Ganesha is revered through a diverse collection of one hundred-eight names, each highlighting a different attribute or role he embodies. The name "Ganesha" itself is derived from two Sanskrit words: "Gana," meaning group or multitude, and "Isha," meaning Lord, which together signify him as the Lord of the Multitudes.

Alongside this primary name, he is known by a multitude of other titles that further reflect his versatile nature and significance in the tradition, a testament to his multifaceted character and the depth of his influence.

Ganesh, also known as Ganapati, is revered as the "Lord of the Ganas," serving as the leader of Lord Shiva's attendants.
He is affectionately called Vinayaka, which means "Remover of obstacles" and "leader."
One of his distinctive features is his single tusk, which earns him the name Ekadanta, meaning "One-toothed."
Known for his robust physique, he is also referred to as Lambodara, signifying his "pot-bellied" appearance.
Ganesh is often worshipped as Vighnaharta, the "Remover of Obstacles," and Vighneshvara, the "Lord of impediments."
Sumukha captures his auspicious countenance,
while Gajanana highlights his elephant-like face, embodying wisdom and benevolence.

Appearance and Iconography

Ganesh's iconography is distinctive and rich in symbolism, making his appearance easily recognisable. He is portrayed with the head of an elephant atop a significant human body, typically characterised by a pot belly and four arms. These key features highlight his unique identity in cultural depictions and inspire a sense of resilience and strength.

Elephant Head: A symbol of wisdom, intelligence, and royal power, the elephant head inspires us to embrace our inner strength and leadership, enlightening us with its profound symbolism.
Single Tusk (Ekadanta): The broken tusk symbolises sacrifice and the strength of retention, highlighting the capacity to transcend duality. One notable interpretation is that this broken tusk was used to write the Mahabharata, which intrigues and enlightens us about its profound significance in conveying truths.
Large Ears: Symbolise profound attentiveness and the capacity to hear the prayers of devoted hearts, making us feel heard and understood in our spiritual journey.
Pot Belly (Lambodara): Embraces prosperity and the acceptance of life's highs and lows.
Four Arms (Generally): Embrace various objects, each symbolising profound meaning:
- Axe: A tool to cut through obstacles.
- Rope (Pasha): A means to draw devotees closer.
- Sweet (Modak or Laddu) represents the rewards of spiritual pursuit.
- The Blessing Hand gesture, Varada Mudra, symbolises protection and blessings.
Mouse (Mushika): His vehicle represents the spirit of humility, mastery over desires, and the power to overcome obstacles, regardless of their size. The mouse, a small and humble creature, symbolises the need to control our desires and ego and the power to overcome even the most daunting obstacles through perseverance and humility.

Noose, Harness challenges, and transforms negative traits into strengths.

Historical Narratives and Roles

The awe-inspiring transformation of Lord Ganesh, from his humble origins in the Vedic era to his emergence as one of the most cherished and revered gods in Hinduism, is a journey that captivates the imagination. His form and significance blossomed during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods, fostering regional diversity and a global presence.

Birth: The stories of Ganesha's birth inspire us with their richness and depth, particularly the beloved narrative found in the Shiva Purana. In this tale, Goddess Parvati lovingly creates Ganesha from turmeric paste, appointing him as a guardian while she attended to her private rituals. When Lord Shiva, her devoted consort, returns and unknowingly beheads the boy, it leads to a moment of profound transformation. To console Parvati, Shiva resurrects Ganesha, bestowing upon him the strength and wisdom of an elephant's head. Another version highlights the unique connection between Ganesha and the divine union of Shiva and Parvati, reminding us of the beauty of creation and the family bond.
Lord Ganesh, the remover of obstacles, is invoked at the commencement of every endeavour, ensuring its successful culmination and providing reassurance and hope.
Scribe of the Mahabharata: In a remarkable display of intellect and patience, Lord Ganesh captured the epic as dictated by Sage Vyasa. He embodied the spirit of dedication and commitment to preserving wisdom, inspiring us with his unwavering commitment.
Lord of Beginnings: He is revered at the dawn of religious ceremonies, festivals, and new ventures, symbolising hope and fresh possibilities.
God of Wisdom and Intellect: He is celebrated as the shining light of knowledge and understanding.
He was appointed the leader of Shiva's celestial hosts (Ganas), a remarkable honour that testifies to his strength and leadership.
He is said to have circled his parents, Shiva and Parvati, as a powerful symbolic act, seeing them as embodiments of the universe.

Regional Variance

The worship of Ganesha, the widely revered elephant-headed deity in Hindu tradition, is a complex and diverse tapestry of devotion that varies significantly across different regions of India and beyond, offering a fascinating insight into the rich complexity of Hindu culture.

In Maharashtra, Ganesh Chaturthi is a vibrant and joyous occasion marked by public processions and detailed idols that reflect the community's unity and inclusivity, creating a warm and welcoming atmosphere for all.
In Tamil Nadu, Ganesha is revered as Pillaiyar. He embodies the essence of Siddhi's spiritual power, which inspires and uplifts all who worship him.
In Kerala, he shines as Ganapathi, a symbol of wisdom and strength, revered during the inspiring celebration of Vinayaka Chaturthi.
In South India, he is revered in countless temples, with his iconography reflecting the rich diversity of devotion.
Ganesh, a widely revered deity in Hinduism, also holds significant influence in Nepal and various Southeast Asian countries, such as Indonesia and Thailand. His representation and forms of worship differ across these regions, showcasing a rich diversity in cultural practices. Notably, Ganesha can be found in both Hindu and Buddhist temples, reflecting his essential role in the spiritual landscape of these areas.
Afghanistan: Archaeological evidence in Afghanistan shows depictions of Ganesh, indicating the historical spread of his worship.
In Buddhism and Jainism, Ganesha is revered as a remover of obstacles, often illustrated through regional adaptations that reflect his profound influence. In Buddhism, he is known as Vinayaka, and in Jainism, he is worshipped as Vighnaharta, both names signifying his role as the 'remover of obstacles'.

Incarnations

Ganesh, widely recognised as a singular deity, is also depicted in various texts as having a rich tapestry of multiple incarnations or forms. The Mudgala Purana outlines eight incarnations of Ganesha, known as the Ashta Vinayaka, each aimed at overcoming different types of demonic forces. Additionally, the Ganesh Purana mentions other incarnations, though these are not as prominent as his primary form. Together, these diverse representations not only highlight Ganesha's divine nature but also enrich our understanding of the complexity of Hindu mythology.

Vakratunda: Often depicted with a curved trunk, Vakratunda represents Lord Ganesha's playful nature. It symbolises the importance of embracing challenges with a lighthearted and positive attitude. His form inspires us to approach life's obstacles with a sense of playfulness and joy, knowing that every challenge is an opportunity for growth.
Ekadanta: This form of Ganesha is distinguished by having just one tusk, representing the idea of overcoming duality, which in Hindu philosophy refers to the perception of a world of opposites, and achieving unity. It reminds devotees of the power of focus and discipline in their endeavours.
Mahodara: Known as the 'great-bellied' one, Mahodara embodies abundance and prosperity. His ample belly signifies the vastness of the universe and the potential for material and spiritual wealth.
Gajavaktra: With the face of an elephant, Gajavaktra symbolises wisdom and intelligence. This form reminds us of the importance of listening and understanding and the ability to see the bigger picture.
Lambodara: Lambodara translates to 'one with a large belly.' This aspect of Ganesha exemplifies contentment and the acceptance of life's bounties, teaching us to be grateful for all we have.
Vikata: This form of Ganesha is often associated with power and strength, embodying the force to remove obstacles. Vikata's presence invokes determination and courage, empowering us to face and overcome life's difficulties. His form reminds us that we have the strength within us to conquer any obstacle that comes our way.
Vighnaraja: Known as the king of obstacles, Vighnaraja emphasises the belief that challenges are an inherent part of life. Ganesha's role as Vighnaraja reminds us that every obstacle can be transformed into an opportunity for growth.
Dhumravarna: Often depicted with a smoky or greyish complexion, Dhumravarna symbolises the ether and the mystical aspects of existence. This form of Ganesha reminds us of the transient nature of life and the importance of mindfulness and spiritual awakening.

Each incarnation represents a distinct facet of divine intervention and philosophical contemplation, illustrating how the divine essence might interact with the human experience.

Text or epic-associated

Ganesha is celebrated in various Puranas, including the Shiva Purana, Ganesha Purana, and Mudgala Purana. These texts honour his wisdom and the profound lessons of his stories, inspiring us with their timeless teachings.

Ganesh Purana: This sacred text primarily focuses on the stories and worship of Lord Ganesh, depicting his significance in Hindu tradition as the remover of obstacles and the god of beginnings. It emphasises his divine qualities and the importance of devotion towards him, fostering a deep spiritual connection and reverence among his devotees.
Mudgala Purana: Another essential scripture, the Mudgala Purana, delves into Ganesh's incarnations and legends. It explores his birth, divine attributes, and the symbolism associated with his form, providing devotees with rich narratives that deepen their understanding and appreciation of his role in Hindu cosmology.
Skanda Purana: This extensive Purana contains multiple stories and discourses about Ganesh. It shares insights into his relationship with other deities, his intriguing role in the cosmic order, and the importance of his worship during various rituals and festivals.
Mahabharata: In this epic narrative, Ganesh plays a pivotal role as the scribe who diligently transcribes the Mahabharata as sage Vyasa recites it. His involvement emphasises his wisdom and intellect and signifies the divine connection between knowledge, writing, and spiritual enlightenment.
Rigveda: The ancient Rigveda includes a hymn that refers to Ganesh as Brahmanaspati, a deity associated with sacred utterance and wisdom. While some scholars point to early references suggesting Ganesh's relevance in Vedic literature, interpreting these texts remains a subject of scholarly debate, leading to various perspectives on his historical development within the Hindu tradition.
Ganapati Atharvashirsha: This revered Sanskrit text is dedicated to Lord Ganesha and is often regarded as a critical scriptural work in the Ganapati worship tradition. It articulates philosophical teachings, prayers, and affirmations that illuminate the essence of Ganesh and foster a deeper spiritual connection for devotees, highlighting his embodiment of wisdom and success.

References

Encyclopedic and General Knowledge Sources

Wikipedia – Ganesha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Ashtavinayaka
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtavinayaka Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Ganesha Purana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha_Purana Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Mudgala Purana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudgala_Purana Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Ganapati Atharvashirsha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganapati_Atharva%C5%9B%C4%ABr%E1%B9%A3a Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Ganesh Chaturthi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi Wikipedia

Wikipedia – 108 Names of Ganesh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/108_Names_of_Ganesh Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Mythological Anecdotes of Ganesha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological_anecdotes_of_Ganesha Wikipedia

Institutional & Museum Sources

British Library – Ganesha Stavaraja manuscript (Endangered Archives Programme)
https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP790-4-28 EAP

Metropolitan Museum of Art – “Ganesha: Lord of New Beginnings” (exhibition)
https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/ganesha The Metropolitan Museum of Art

British Museum – “Ancient India: Living Traditions” (exhibition featuring Ganesha objects)
https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/ancient-india-living-traditions British Museum

Other Scholarly or Cultural Sources

DrikPanchang – 108 Names of Lord Ganesha (Ashtottara Shatanamavali)
https://www.drikpanchang.com/deities-namavali/gods/lord-ganesha/108-ganesha-names.html Drik Panchang

TemplePurohit – “Why Ganesha Has One Tusk? The Story of the Broken Tusk”
https://www.templepurohit.com/ganesha-broken-tusk-story/ Temple Purohit

Buddha Weekly – “Buddhist Ganesha: Popular Ganapati’s Many Forms”
https://buddhaweekly.com/buddhist-ganesha-popular-ganapatis-many-forms-include-enlightened-emanation-avalokiteshvara-worldly-protector-bodhisattva-wrathful-tantric-deity-many/ Buddha Weekly

Times of India – “The Image of Ganesha and Its Meaning”
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-image-of-ganesha-and-its-meaning/articleshow/3437331.cms

Weapon

Parashu, Ankusa

Symbol

Elephant head, Modaka, Mouse

Mount

Mushika (mouse)

Consort

Riddhi, Siddhi

Festivals

Ganesh Chaturthi

Other namesGanesha, Ganapati, Vinayaka, Pillaiyar, Ekadanta

Sanskrit TransliterationGanesha

AffiliationDeva

AbodeKailash

Introduction

Significance

Appearance and Iconography

Historical Narratives and Roles

Regional Variance

Incarnations

Text or epic-associated

References

Introduction

Significance

Ganesh, also known as Ganapati, is revered as the "Lord of the Ganas," serving as the leader of Lord Shiva's attendants.
He is affectionately called Vinayaka, which means "Remover of obstacles" and "leader."
One of his distinctive features is his single tusk, which earns him the name Ekadanta, meaning "One-toothed."
Known for his robust physique, he is also referred to as Lambodara, signifying his "pot-bellied" appearance.
Ganesh is often worshipped as Vighnaharta, the "Remover of Obstacles," and Vighneshvara, the "Lord of impediments."
Sumukha captures his auspicious countenance,
while Gajanana highlights his elephant-like face, embodying wisdom and benevolence.

Appearance and Iconography

Elephant Head: A symbol of wisdom, intelligence, and royal power, the elephant head inspires us to embrace our inner strength and leadership, enlightening us with its profound symbolism.
Single Tusk (Ekadanta): The broken tusk symbolises sacrifice and the strength of retention, highlighting the capacity to transcend duality. One notable interpretation is that this broken tusk was used to write the Mahabharata, which intrigues and enlightens us about its profound significance in conveying truths.
Large Ears: Symbolise profound attentiveness and the capacity to hear the prayers of devoted hearts, making us feel heard and understood in our spiritual journey.
Pot Belly (Lambodara): Embraces prosperity and the acceptance of life's highs and lows.
Four Arms (Generally): Embrace various objects, each symbolising profound meaning:
- Axe: A tool to cut through obstacles.
- Rope (Pasha): A means to draw devotees closer.
- Sweet (Modak or Laddu) represents the rewards of spiritual pursuit.
- The Blessing Hand gesture, Varada Mudra, symbolises protection and blessings.
Mouse (Mushika): His vehicle represents the spirit of humility, mastery over desires, and the power to overcome obstacles, regardless of their size. The mouse, a small and humble creature, symbolises the need to control our desires and ego and the power to overcome even the most daunting obstacles through perseverance and humility.

Noose, Harness challenges, and transforms negative traits into strengths.

Historical Narratives and Roles

Birth: The stories of Ganesha's birth inspire us with their richness and depth, particularly the beloved narrative found in the Shiva Purana. In this tale, Goddess Parvati lovingly creates Ganesha from turmeric paste, appointing him as a guardian while she attended to her private rituals. When Lord Shiva, her devoted consort, returns and unknowingly beheads the boy, it leads to a moment of profound transformation. To console Parvati, Shiva resurrects Ganesha, bestowing upon him the strength and wisdom of an elephant's head. Another version highlights the unique connection between Ganesha and the divine union of Shiva and Parvati, reminding us of the beauty of creation and the family bond.
Lord Ganesh, the remover of obstacles, is invoked at the commencement of every endeavour, ensuring its successful culmination and providing reassurance and hope.
Scribe of the Mahabharata: In a remarkable display of intellect and patience, Lord Ganesh captured the epic as dictated by Sage Vyasa. He embodied the spirit of dedication and commitment to preserving wisdom, inspiring us with his unwavering commitment.
Lord of Beginnings: He is revered at the dawn of religious ceremonies, festivals, and new ventures, symbolising hope and fresh possibilities.
God of Wisdom and Intellect: He is celebrated as the shining light of knowledge and understanding.
He was appointed the leader of Shiva's celestial hosts (Ganas), a remarkable honour that testifies to his strength and leadership.
He is said to have circled his parents, Shiva and Parvati, as a powerful symbolic act, seeing them as embodiments of the universe.

Regional Variance

In Maharashtra, Ganesh Chaturthi is a vibrant and joyous occasion marked by public processions and detailed idols that reflect the community's unity and inclusivity, creating a warm and welcoming atmosphere for all.
In Tamil Nadu, Ganesha is revered as Pillaiyar. He embodies the essence of Siddhi's spiritual power, which inspires and uplifts all who worship him.
In Kerala, he shines as Ganapathi, a symbol of wisdom and strength, revered during the inspiring celebration of Vinayaka Chaturthi.
In South India, he is revered in countless temples, with his iconography reflecting the rich diversity of devotion.
Ganesh, a widely revered deity in Hinduism, also holds significant influence in Nepal and various Southeast Asian countries, such as Indonesia and Thailand. His representation and forms of worship differ across these regions, showcasing a rich diversity in cultural practices. Notably, Ganesha can be found in both Hindu and Buddhist temples, reflecting his essential role in the spiritual landscape of these areas.
Afghanistan: Archaeological evidence in Afghanistan shows depictions of Ganesh, indicating the historical spread of his worship.
In Buddhism and Jainism, Ganesha is revered as a remover of obstacles, often illustrated through regional adaptations that reflect his profound influence. In Buddhism, he is known as Vinayaka, and in Jainism, he is worshipped as Vighnaharta, both names signifying his role as the 'remover of obstacles'.

Incarnations

Vakratunda: Often depicted with a curved trunk, Vakratunda represents Lord Ganesha's playful nature. It symbolises the importance of embracing challenges with a lighthearted and positive attitude. His form inspires us to approach life's obstacles with a sense of playfulness and joy, knowing that every challenge is an opportunity for growth.
Ekadanta: This form of Ganesha is distinguished by having just one tusk, representing the idea of overcoming duality, which in Hindu philosophy refers to the perception of a world of opposites, and achieving unity. It reminds devotees of the power of focus and discipline in their endeavours.
Mahodara: Known as the 'great-bellied' one, Mahodara embodies abundance and prosperity. His ample belly signifies the vastness of the universe and the potential for material and spiritual wealth.
Gajavaktra: With the face of an elephant, Gajavaktra symbolises wisdom and intelligence. This form reminds us of the importance of listening and understanding and the ability to see the bigger picture.
Lambodara: Lambodara translates to 'one with a large belly.' This aspect of Ganesha exemplifies contentment and the acceptance of life's bounties, teaching us to be grateful for all we have.
Vikata: This form of Ganesha is often associated with power and strength, embodying the force to remove obstacles. Vikata's presence invokes determination and courage, empowering us to face and overcome life's difficulties. His form reminds us that we have the strength within us to conquer any obstacle that comes our way.
Vighnaraja: Known as the king of obstacles, Vighnaraja emphasises the belief that challenges are an inherent part of life. Ganesha's role as Vighnaraja reminds us that every obstacle can be transformed into an opportunity for growth.
Dhumravarna: Often depicted with a smoky or greyish complexion, Dhumravarna symbolises the ether and the mystical aspects of existence. This form of Ganesha reminds us of the transient nature of life and the importance of mindfulness and spiritual awakening.

Each incarnation represents a distinct facet of divine intervention and philosophical contemplation, illustrating how the divine essence might interact with the human experience.

Text or epic-associated

Ganesh Purana: This sacred text primarily focuses on the stories and worship of Lord Ganesh, depicting his significance in Hindu tradition as the remover of obstacles and the god of beginnings. It emphasises his divine qualities and the importance of devotion towards him, fostering a deep spiritual connection and reverence among his devotees.
Mudgala Purana: Another essential scripture, the Mudgala Purana, delves into Ganesh's incarnations and legends. It explores his birth, divine attributes, and the symbolism associated with his form, providing devotees with rich narratives that deepen their understanding and appreciation of his role in Hindu cosmology.
Skanda Purana: This extensive Purana contains multiple stories and discourses about Ganesh. It shares insights into his relationship with other deities, his intriguing role in the cosmic order, and the importance of his worship during various rituals and festivals.
Mahabharata: In this epic narrative, Ganesh plays a pivotal role as the scribe who diligently transcribes the Mahabharata as sage Vyasa recites it. His involvement emphasises his wisdom and intellect and signifies the divine connection between knowledge, writing, and spiritual enlightenment.
Rigveda: The ancient Rigveda includes a hymn that refers to Ganesh as Brahmanaspati, a deity associated with sacred utterance and wisdom. While some scholars point to early references suggesting Ganesh's relevance in Vedic literature, interpreting these texts remains a subject of scholarly debate, leading to various perspectives on his historical development within the Hindu tradition.
Ganapati Atharvashirsha: This revered Sanskrit text is dedicated to Lord Ganesha and is often regarded as a critical scriptural work in the Ganapati worship tradition. It articulates philosophical teachings, prayers, and affirmations that illuminate the essence of Ganesh and foster a deeper spiritual connection for devotees, highlighting his embodiment of wisdom and success.

References

Encyclopedic and General Knowledge Sources

Wikipedia – Ganesha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Ashtavinayaka
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtavinayaka Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Ganesha Purana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha_Purana Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Mudgala Purana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudgala_Purana Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Ganapati Atharvashirsha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganapati_Atharva%C5%9B%C4%ABr%E1%B9%A3a Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Ganesh Chaturthi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi Wikipedia

Wikipedia – 108 Names of Ganesh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/108_Names_of_Ganesh Wikipedia

Wikipedia – Mythological Anecdotes of Ganesha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological_anecdotes_of_Ganesha Wikipedia

Institutional & Museum Sources

British Library – Ganesha Stavaraja manuscript (Endangered Archives Programme)
https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP790-4-28 EAP

Metropolitan Museum of Art – “Ganesha: Lord of New Beginnings” (exhibition)
https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/ganesha The Metropolitan Museum of Art

British Museum – “Ancient India: Living Traditions” (exhibition featuring Ganesha objects)
https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/ancient-india-living-traditions British Museum

Other Scholarly or Cultural Sources

DrikPanchang – 108 Names of Lord Ganesha (Ashtottara Shatanamavali)
https://www.drikpanchang.com/deities-namavali/gods/lord-ganesha/108-ganesha-names.html Drik Panchang

TemplePurohit – “Why Ganesha Has One Tusk? The Story of the Broken Tusk”
https://www.templepurohit.com/ganesha-broken-tusk-story/ Temple Purohit

Times of India – “The Image of Ganesha and Its Meaning”
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-image-of-ganesha-and-its-meaning/articleshow/3437331.cms

Weapon

Parashu, Ankusa

Symbol

Elephant head, Modaka, Mouse

Mount

Mushika (mouse)

Consort

Riddhi, Siddhi

Festivals

Ganesh Chaturthi

Encyclopedic and General Knowledge Sources

Other Scholarly or Cultural Sources

Share

Contact us

Follow Us

Encyclopedic and General Knowledge Sources

Other Scholarly or Cultural Sources

Share

Contact us

Follow Us